摘 要:牙髓疾病是口腔中常見的疾病,機械、化學、微生物和熱因素等會刺激牙髓觸發炎癥免疫反應,引起牙髓血管擴張、免疫細胞聚集,最終導致組織損傷。地塞米松作為糖皮質激素,因具有抗炎、成骨及鎮痛作用,在牙髓病學中的應用越來越廣泛,在根管治療、活髓保存術等領域具有較好的應用前景。本文總結了地塞米松在牙髓疾病中的作用機制及應用。
關鍵詞:地塞米松;根管治療;蓋髓;活髓保存;口腔醫學;
Application of Dexamethasone in Dental Pulp Diseases
LIU Xiaoli LIYi
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University Jilin Provincial Key
Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling
Abstract:Dental pulp disease is a common disease in oral cavity. Mechanical, chemical, microbial, and thermal factors will stimulate dental pulp, trigger inflammatory immune response, cause dental pulp vascular dilatation and immune cell aggregation, and finally lead to tissue damage. As a glucocorticoid, dexamethasone is more and more widely used in endodontics because of its anti-inflammatory, osteogenic, and analgesic effects. It has a better practical perspective in the fields of root canal therapy, vital pulp preservation, and so on. This paper summarizes the mechanism and application of dexamethasone in dental pulp diseases.
Keyword:dexamethasone; root canal therapy; pulp capping; preservation of living pulp; stomatology;
牙髓疾病是口腔中常見的疾病,機械、化學、微生物等會刺激牙髓觸發炎癥免疫反應,引起牙髓血管擴張、免疫細胞聚集,最終導致組織損傷[1]。地塞米松作為糖皮質激素(glucocorticoid, GC),因具有強大的抗炎和免疫抑制作用被廣泛應用于臨床,學者們也因GC抗炎、成骨及鎮痛作用突出,將其應用于牙髓病學中的研究。本文總結了地塞米松在牙髓疾病中的作用機制及應用。
1 地塞米松的藥理作用及作用機制
1.1 地塞米松的抗炎作用
地塞米松通過抑制促炎轉錄因子釋放、刺激抗炎基因表達和誘導淋巴細胞凋亡等發揮強大的抗炎作用[2]。糖皮質激素受體(glucocorticoid receptor, GR)與GC結合后從胞質中轉移到細胞核,與其靶基因啟動子中的糖皮質激素反應元件結合,可以反式激活抗炎基因的轉錄,如膜聯蛋白A1(annexin A1,AnxA1)[3]。GR激活AnxA1后抑制胞質磷脂酶A2,阻止類花生酸如前列腺素和白三烯的合成,還抑制環氧合酶2的表達,從而抑制促炎介質的釋放,同時通過調節內皮細胞與白細胞表面粘附分子的相互作用,抑制白細胞的遷移[4]。GC還可通過反式抑制促炎轉錄因子的表達發揮抗炎作用,其中激活蛋白-1(activating protein-1,AP-1)和核因子-κB(nuclear factor-kappa B, NF-κB)是關鍵的促炎轉錄因子。GR通過直接干擾c-Jun介導的轉錄和誘導絲裂原活化蛋白激酶磷酸酶 1來抑制AP-1的促炎途徑[2]。GR還通過直接抑制NF-κB或誘導亮氨酸拉鏈的表達間接抑制NF-κB的轉錄,從而抑制了腫瘤壞死因子-α、白細胞介素-1β、白細胞介素-6、趨化因子、細胞粘附分子、基質金屬蛋白酶等的表達[5,6]。
1.2 地塞米松對骨形成的雙向作用
Wnt信號傳導通過多種機制調節骨形成和重塑,有助于骨再生,地塞米松通過激活經典的Wnt信號途徑,提高成骨細胞生長和分化的能力[7]。實驗表明地塞米松通過激活Wnt3a、Runx2、β-catenin和p-GSK-3β的表達,促進成牙骨質細胞的分化[8]。此外,低濃度的地塞米松還可以通過細胞內活性氧誘導自噬來增強成骨細胞的活力[9]。但是,地塞米松對成骨細胞的分化和礦化也有負作用,高濃度的地塞米松會抑制成骨。地塞米松在10-6 mol/L時會破壞線粒體動力學、抑制干細胞的成骨并促進脂肪形成,這與地塞米松誘導細胞周期停滯在G0/G1期,抑制 PI3K/AKT 信號通路,上調活性氧水平及FOXO1表達誘導成骨細胞凋亡有關[10,11,12]。
1.3 地塞米松的鎮痛作用
炎癥發生時,炎性介質可以直接刺激感覺神經纖維引起疼痛,其中作為促炎介質的前列腺素能引起局部血管擴張,促進炎癥細胞的趨化,并使疼痛纖維的受體對其他介質的刺激敏感[13,14]。GC通過抑制磷脂酶從細胞膜磷脂中釋放游離花生四烯酸,阻斷炎癥反應中的環氧合酶和脂氧合酶途徑,并降低組織緩激肽和神經肽的分泌,抑制傷害性C纖維傳導疼痛信號來發揮鎮痛作用[15,16]。
2 地塞米松在根管治療中的應用
根管治療是治療牙髓炎和根尖周炎最有效的方法,但術后疼痛是其常見的并發癥。在根管預備過程中器械易超出根尖孔,細菌及其代謝產物、感染的牙本質碎屑可能會進入根尖周組織,引起炎癥和術后疼痛,影響根尖周組織的愈合[17]。
由于地塞米松具有抗炎鎮痛作用,現以多種方式應用于根管治療中。Aksoy等[18]在90例下頜磨牙伴有癥狀不可逆性牙髓炎患者中評估地塞米松對術后鎮痛的效果,阻滯麻醉后分別用4 mg/mL地塞米松、曲馬多和生理鹽水進行頰側黏膜浸潤,再一次性完成根管治療,結果發現術前黏膜下注射地塞米松可以減輕術后48 h內的疼痛。另有學者在242例不可逆性牙髓炎患者中進行阻滯麻醉后一次性完成根管治療,治療結束后分別黏膜下注射4 mg/mL地塞米松、長效倍他米松、無菌生理鹽水,術后疼痛結果顯示地塞米松在術后24 h內緩解疼痛效果更好[19]。此外,Konagala等[20]在132例不可逆性牙髓炎患者中比較術前口服4 mg地塞米松、20 mg吡羅昔康、30 mg地夫可特預防術后疼痛的療效中發現,地塞米松在術后 6、12和24 h時疼痛顯著降低。Suresh等[21]在有癥狀的不可逆性牙髓炎和根尖周炎患者中探究口服地塞米松的效果,實驗結果表明,術前單次口服4 mg地塞米松可以降低術后24 h內疼痛的發生率。此外,地塞米松磷酸鈉還可作為根管沖洗劑減輕急性不可逆性牙髓炎患者一次性根管治療術后疼痛[22]。雖然目前已有大量研究表明地塞米松以麻醉、口服、根管沖洗等各種方式應用于根管治療中具有良好的鎮痛效果,但是究竟以何種方式應用、最適藥物劑量以及應用時間效果更佳等問題還未得到學者們的一致認可。
3 地塞米松提高下牙槽神經阻滯麻醉成功率
下牙槽神經阻滯麻醉(inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia, IANB)是患有不可逆性牙髓炎下頜牙的首選麻醉技術,但術前炎癥的嚴重程度會影響IANB的成功率,這與炎癥介質降低傷害性感受器的激活閾值有關[23]。
近年來,研究者利用地塞米松的抗炎特性在提高IANB成功率方面取得了進展。Aggarwal等[24]在117例患有癥狀性不可逆性牙髓炎患者中比較4 mg/mL地塞米松、25 mg/mL雙氯芬酸鈉和生理鹽水分別進行牙周膜浸潤麻醉30 min后IANB的成功率,結果顯示地塞米松的成功率為73%,遠高于雙氯芬酸鈉和生理鹽水的37%和32%。Bidar等[25]在78例不可逆性牙髓炎患者中探究IANB前1 h口服4 mg地塞米松、400 mg布洛芬、安慰劑對IANB成功的效果,結果顯示地塞米松組、布洛芬組和安慰劑組的總成功率分別為80.8%、73.1%、38.5%,地塞米松組成功率最高。一項Meta分析結果顯示,口服藥中地塞米松同非甾體抗炎藥、對乙酰氨基酚、阿片類等藥物相比能更大地提高不可逆性牙髓炎牙齒IANB成功率,而且0.5 mg劑量最有效[26]。由此可見,地塞米松可以提高IANB的成功率,但是其成功率仍然較低,臨床推廣還存在困難,目前在不同給藥途徑和劑量之間的比較研究也較少,還需要更多的臨床實驗研究。
4 地塞米松在活髓保存術中的應用
活髓保存術是牙齒因機械性或外傷性露髓首選技術。而活髓保存術中蓋髓劑的類型在很大程度上影響著蓋髓成功的預后,它們覆蓋在牙髓暴露處,以減輕炎癥反應, 并誘導深部未受損的牙髓干細胞遷移分化, 促進修復性牙本質的形成[27]。
隨著地塞米松的抗炎成骨作用研究越來越深入,學者們也開始研究將其應用于蓋髓劑。一項用狗進行的蓋髓實驗結果表明,MTA和地塞米松蓋髓相對于單獨MTA蓋髓會上調牙本質涎磷蛋白和細胞外基質磷酸糖蛋白的基因表達,而這兩種蛋白均參與著牙本質的形成和礦化[28]。臨床試驗結果也表明使用地塞米松蓋髓可使炎癥反應水平降低[29]。但由于高濃度地塞米松會抑制成骨,越來越多學者開始研究更合適的局部給藥機制,在如何提高其初始溶解度而不使藥物超載的問題上進行探索。Zhang等[30]將地塞米松載入中空羥基磷灰石微球中,采用茜素紅染色技術、實時聚合酶鏈反應、檢測堿性磷酸酶活性來探究該載藥微球對人牙髓干細胞體外分化的影響,結果顯示地塞米松中空羥基磷灰石微球在無成骨培養基的情況下能明顯促進人牙髓干細胞的生物礦化,并增強堿性磷酸酶、Runt相關轉錄因子2、骨鈣素、牙本質唾液酸磷蛋白和牙本質基質蛋白1的基因表達。Alagha等[31]采用冷凍干燥法制備了多孔生物海綿,并將地塞米松載入其中,通過動物實驗結果表明載有地塞米松的多孔生物海綿蓋髓劑比氫氧化鈣具有更佳的促牙本質橋形成作用。也有學者將地塞米松載入生物活性玻璃納米粒子,再通過靜電紡絲技術將該復合物摻入生物聚合物納米纖維基質中,將該載藥系統用于蓋髓劑研究,結果表明該載藥系統具有良好的緩釋作用并能促進牙髓細胞成牙本質的作用,并與激活了整合素、BMP/Smad和Akt/mTOR信號通路有關[32]。大量實驗研究結果表明地塞米松在蓋髓劑中具有良好的抗炎成骨作用,將地塞米松載入載體中可以達到藥物緩釋的目的,但有些載體還存在地塞米松的初始突發釋放和釋放周期短的問題,還需要進一步的改進。
5 總結和展望
綜上,地塞米松不僅具有強大的抗炎作用,同時還具有良好的成骨和鎮痛作用,在牙髓病學領域越來越受到學者的關注。但在根管治療領域中地塞米松的作用效果還未得到大多數學者的認可,缺乏地塞米松給藥方式或計量配伍的系統性研究;在活髓保存術中的應用也僅局限于體外研究,還缺乏深入的機制探索和臨床研究。地塞米松在牙髓疾病中的應用由實驗轉化為臨床還有一段較長的路要走,但仍有信心相信地塞米松將有希望成為一種治療牙髓相關疾病的有效藥物。
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